Which lawsuits against Biden reached the Supreme Court and what were their outcomes?

1. Student‑loan forgiveness — Supreme Court struck down the plan

The most consequential case to reach the high court concerned the administration’s broad student‑loan debt relief program; conservative state plaintiffs argued the program exceeded executive authority and harmed state finances, and the Supreme Court ultimately blocked the $430 billion forgiveness plan, delivering a ruling against the administration that halted the program in 2023 ^{[1] [2] [3] [6]}.

2. OSHA/vaccine‑or‑test mandate — Court reinstated a nationwide stay

Challenges to federal workplace COVID‑19 rules led to emergency Supreme Court action: states and other plaintiffs argued OSHA’s vaccine‑or‑test mandate exceeded the agency’s authority, and the Court granted a stay that prevented enforcement of the rule while lower‑court litigation continued, effectively reinstating a pause on that Biden administration measure ^[1].

3. Immigration litigation — mixed outcomes, but a key MPP ruling favored the government

Multiple suits over immigration policies reached appellate review and prompted Supreme Court involvement; notably, the Court ruled 5–4 that the termination of the Trump‑era “Remain in Mexico” policy (MPP) did not violate the Immigration and Nationality Act, a decision that rejected a claim that the Biden administration unlawfully ended the program and therefore represented a win for the executive branch on that issue ^[4].

4. Post‑election litigation seeking to overturn Biden’s victory — Court declined the gambit

Outside the typical policy disputes, the Supreme Court rebuffed an audacious lawsuit filed by Texas (backed by then‑President Trump and many Republican allies) that sought to invalidate Biden’s electoral wins in several battleground states; the Court refused to hear the merits, effectively rejecting the attempt to overturn the 2020 results ^{[5] [7]}.

5. Broader regulatory litigation — a series of rulings reshaping agency power

Beyond single‑issue cases, the conservative majority on the Court produced a string of opinions that limited the reach of federal agencies and struck down or constrained regulatory actions associated with the Biden agenda, a pattern described as a “historic series of defeats” for the administration that extended beyond the student‑loan decision to environmental and administrative‑law rulings ^{[6] [8]}. Many other Biden‑era rules have been litigated in the lower courts and remain in flux, and some controversies (for example, the SAVE plan legal challenges) were still moving through the system rather than producing final Supreme Court adjudication as of the latest reporting ^{[9] [8]}.

6. Reading the outcomes and the players — politics, procedure and unfinished business

These Supreme Court outcomes reflect both legal arguments and the Court’s composition: conservative state attorneys general and advocacy groups aggressively litigated executive actions, filing multistate suits that elevated questions of standing, administrative authority and the proper role of the presidency; the coverage and commentary from state AG offices and advocacy think tanks make clear their intent to curb perceived executive overreach, while other trackers note the Biden administration still prevailed in a substantial share of agency‑level litigation in lower courts ^{[1] [3] [8] [9]}. Reporting shows some major matters were resolved definitively at the high court (student loans, OSHA stay, key immigration question, election filing), while many other regulatory fights continued in the appeals pipeline or were affected by ancillary Supreme Court jurisprudence about injunctions and remedies ^{[10] [8]}.