How did individual roll‑call votes on the 1919 House and Senate passages of the 19th Amendment break down by party and region?

1. The House landslide: party advantage, but regional fault lines persisted

The House vote that sent the amendment to the states was a decisive victory—commonly recorded as 304 in favor to 89 (some official tallies record 304–90)—reflecting the Republican majority’s embrace of the amendment and sizeable Democratic support as well as entrenched Southern resistance ^{[2] [3]}. Contemporary House sources and the House Historical Office emphasize that Republicans, who then held the majority, provided much of the margin and that the tally sheet recorded party membership and voting order during the roll call ^{[6] [7]}. While exact roll‑call lists are preserved in the House record (and mirrored in modern vote repositories), available secondary summaries stress that anti‑suffrage votes clustered with Southern Democrats who argued the issue belonged to states rather than a federal imposition ^{[3] [7]}. The record therefore shows the House outcome as the product of partisan advantage plus a geographically concentrated Democratic opposition.

2. The Senate victory: Republicans built a coalition, Southern Democrats blocked many supporters

The Senate approved the amendment 56 to 25 on June 4, 1919, a margin of four votes above the two‑thirds threshold of senators present and voting ^{[1] [8]}. Reporting that breaks down party composition indicates that most Republican senators backed the amendment—reports summarize that roughly 36 Republican senators voted yes—and that they were joined by a substantial number of Democrats (about 20), producing the winning coalition ^[4]. Senate histories make clear, however, that Southern Democrats were the amendment’s most determined opponents: they filibustered and forced strategic delays, and their votes accounted for the majority of the nays when final roll call occurred ^{[5] [1]}. The narrative across Senate sources is consistent: Northern and Western senators, across party lines, were more likely to vote yea, while Southern senators—largely Democrats—were the core of no votes.

3. Party percentages and the political context

Contemporary summaries highlight extremely high Republican support—figures such as “91% of Republicans voted for the measure” circulate in several accounts summarizing the House roll call, underscoring the party’s decisive role in clearing the two‑thirds threshold in both chambers ^{[9] [2]}. Democrats were split: many Northern and border‑state Democrats supported suffrage while Democrats from the Deep South opposed it, reflecting regional political and racial calculations of the era ^{[7] [5]}. Historians and institutional pages underline that the midterm and postwar political environment—Republicans’ gains and suffragist pressure, including targeted campaigns—shifted the balance from earlier failures and made the 1919 congressional passage possible ^{[10] [5]}.

4. Limits of the available summaries and where to look for granular roll‑calls

Official roll‑call sheets and repositories (the House tally sheet, Senate roll calls and platforms such as GovTrack and the Senate historical office) contain the full individual‑by‑individual lists by name, party, and state; the sources provided summarize totals and coalitions but do not publish the full annotated list in these snippets here ^{[6] [11] [1]}. Where summaries assert party percentages or counts (for example, “36 Republicans joined by 20 Democrats” in the Senate), they are drawing on those underlying roll calls; researchers seeking a vote‑by‑vote, by‑state table should consult the House and Senate archival roll‑call records or digital vote databases cited above for the primary listings ^{[6] [11]}.