How many non citizens voted in the last election

1. What the official turnout numbers actually measure

The U.S. Census Bureau reports the count of people who voted in the 2024 presidential election as 154 million, explicitly drawing from the Current Population Survey’s Voting and Registration Supplement, which measures citizen voting and registration patterns; the Census tables and the broader VEP framework are designed to exclude non‑citizens from the eligible‑voter denominators where possible ^{[1] [2]}.

2. What state audits and prosecutions show — tiny absolute counts where published

Independent state audits and prosecutions that have been publicly reported turn up very small numbers: Ohio’s attorney general identified hundreds of potential non‑citizen registrations and a handful of indictments; Iowa audits found about 87 instances where people who cast ballots later self‑reported non‑citizen status; Alabama’s recent purge removed 186 people, of whom officials said 25 had voted before removal—all are tiny fractions of state rolls ^{[3] [4] [5]}.

3. National efforts to flag possible non‑citizen registrations find thousands of “potential” matches but few confirmed votes

Databases and matching tools run against state voter files have flagged thousands of potential non‑citizens in some states (for example, Texas flagged 2,724 potential non‑citizens via a federal database), but follow‑up reviews by local election administrators and reporters have repeatedly shown that some flagged records are actually citizens or require detailed adjudication—meaning “potential” matches are not the same as confirmed illegal votes ^{[4] [5]}.

4. Scholarly and advocacy estimates diverge sharply — and why they can’t be taken as a settled national count

Some organizations and scholars produce high estimates: a controversial analysis by Just Facts projected as many as 1.0–2.7 million non‑citizen votes nationally based on registration and turnout assumptions ^[6], while analysts like those at the Center for Immigration Studies modeled how many non‑citizen votes would be required to flip states and stressed that very high turnout among non‑citizens would be implausible ^[7]. These estimates differ because they rely on extrapolations from limited data, different definitions of “registered,” and unvalidated assumptions about turnout; they are not equivalent to the hard, case‑level evidence produced by state audits ^{[6] [7]}.

5. Why a single, reliable national figure doesn’t exist

There is no unified national mechanism that audits every ballot for citizenship status; the VEP methodology intentionally subtracts ineligible groups like non‑citizens to estimate turnout rates but does not generate a national count of illegal votes, and election reporting agencies and academic labs emphasize that ineligible populations are handled differently across state data sources ^{[8] [2]}. Where states, reporters, or advocacy groups release counts, they differ in scope, definition and verification, so numbers cannot simply be summed without double‑count risk or misclassification ^{[8] [3]}.

6. Bottom line — best supported reading of the evidence

The most defensible characterization, based on public audits reported by major outlets and state officials, is that confirmed instances of non‑citizen voting in 2024 were vanishingly rare in relation to 154 million total votes—documented cases published so far amount to a few dozen to a few thousand across several states, not the millions claimed in some extrapolations—but no comprehensive national audit exists to produce a single definitive count ^{[3] [4] [5] [9]}. Alternative claims of large numbers depend on contested methodologies and assumptions that the public audits and reporting do not corroborate ^{[6] [7]}.