Which specific presidents and dates correspond to each of the roughly 30 invocations of the Insurrection Act?

1. What the major sources agree on: size, scope, and the last use

Nonpartisan researchers estimate roughly 30 crises in which the Act has been invoked since its 1807 enactment, and both the Brennan Center and mainstream summaries note that the most recent formal invocation was President George H.W. Bush’s response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots at the request of California’s governor ^{[2] [3]}.

2. High‑profile presidents and landmark dates that appear across sources

Historically prominent invocations consistently mentioned across accounts include Thomas Jefferson’s enforcement related to the Embargo Act in 1808, Andrew Jackson’s interventions in the 1830s, Abraham Lincoln’s 1861 actions at the Civil War’s outset, multiple uses by Ulysses S. Grant in the 1870s (reported as a cluster of roughly ten related proclamations), and later 20th‑century civil‑rights era uses under presidents such as Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson to enforce federal rights when states failed to act ^{[4] [5] [2]}. These entries are cited repeatedly in survey accounts though exact proclamation dates for each instance are compiled in the specialized lists ^{[2] [4]}.

3. Why an exact, enumerated list isn’t reproduced here from the provided reporting

The user’s request—an itemized mapping of “each of the roughly 30 invocations” to a specific president and date—requires the granular table that the Brennan Center guide and the Wikipedia page provide; the provided snippets confirm those compilations exist but do not include the full line‑by‑line text necessary to reproduce every date and proclamation here ^{[2] [1]}. As a result, asserting a complete, citation‑level roster beyond the high‑profile examples above would exceed what the supplied reporting contains ^{[2] [1]}.

4. Counting differences, contested invocations, and an illegal use

Experts note that counts vary because early proclamations were sometimes brief or partial, several proclamations can be linked to a single event, and a few episodes are often labeled “uses” even though legal prerequisites weren’t followed; researchers also flag one instance where an Army general acted without legal authority—commonly treated as an illegal invocation—so historians debate which entries to include in a strict tally ^{[2] [1]}.

5. Political context, contemporary relevance, and implicit agendas in reporting

Recent media attention has surged because modern presidents have threatened to invoke the Act, and outlets emphasize different things: legal scholars warn about overbroad language and risk of abuse, criminal‑justice and civil‑rights histories stress past federal interventions to protect individual rights, while political coverage frames threats as an extraordinary expansion of executive power; the Brennan Center explicitly frames the Act as “one of the executive branch’s most potent emergency powers” and documents its historical uses in detail ^{[3] [2]}. Readers should note those institutional perspectives when using any summary list.

6. Bottom line for researchers seeking the full roster

For a complete, source‑by‑source mapping of each invocation with president and date, the Brennan Center’s guide and the Wikipedia list collate the roughly 30 crises and the associated proclamations; those are the primary compiled resources referenced repeatedly in the reporting and should be consulted to obtain the full enumerated table that the user requests ^{[2] [1]}.