Which countries are modern republics and when were they established (e.g., United States 1776)?

1. What the original sources actually claim — a compact fact harvest

The supplied analyses converge on three clear claims: first, many states have identifiable dates when they became republics (for example, the United States is tied to 1776/1789, France to 1792, and China to 1912); second, scholarly lists categorize republics by system type (parliamentary, presidential, federal, socialist) rather than treating all republics as identical; third, several countries have experienced multiple transitions that complicate a single-date listing—Afghanistan and others have oscillated between monarchy, republic, and other forms of rule. The sources explicitly note the difference between declaration dates and constitutional or effective-government dates, and that any single list will reflect editorial choices about which date to use ^[1].

2. How trustworthy are the dates and why they diverge across lists

Dates across the provided summaries diverge because compilers use different criteria: some list the date of first proclamation of a republic, others list the date a republican constitution took effect, and still others list the date of internationally recognized regime change. This produces systematic variation—e.g., the United States appears as 1776 (declaration) or 1789 (constitutional government) depending on the list. The sources acknowledge this methodological variance and show that without a declared definition of “established,” any comprehensive list will mix apples and oranges, producing credible but non-identical outputs ^{[1] [2]}.

3. Patterns and representative examples readers should know

Across the summaries, three broad chronological waves appear: early modern revolutionary republics (late 18th–19th centuries: United States, France), early 20th-century republicanism tied to collapses of empires (China 1912, several Latin American and post-Ottoman states), and late 20th–21st century transitions (post-colonial Africa and Asia, and recent abolitions of monarchy such as Nepal 2008 and Barbados 2021). The sources consistently cite specific examples to illustrate each wave and highlight that some states’ “republic dates” reflect revolution or decolonization, while others reflect constitutional reforms that only later produced republican institutions ^[1].

4. Edge cases that break simple lists: reversals, de facto regimes, and contested republics

The analyses highlight important exceptions: countries that reverted from republic to monarchy or other rule, states where a declared republic lacks effective control (contested or separatist “republics”), and places where a non-republican regime later reasserted power. Afghanistan is explicitly noted as having multiple regime changes that complicate a single “established” date; similarly, the distinction between symbolic proclamations and effective governance creates ambiguity. The sources caution that any public list must annotate these edge cases rather than present dates as unqualified facts, because the legitimacy and practical authority of a declared republic can be contested or temporal ^{[1] [3]}.

5. How to produce a defensible, useful list — practical next steps

To turn the summary into a reliable resource, pick and state a single criterion (for example, “date the republican constitution came into force” or “date of first internationally recognized proclamation”), then compile entries with two or three date columns (declaration, constitution, effective government) and brief notes on reversals or contested status. The provided analyses imply this approach and recommend footnoting cases like the United States (1776 vs. 1789), China ^[4], Nepal ^[5], and Barbados ^[6]. A defensible public list will therefore be transparent about definitions and edge cases, cite primary legal documents where possible, and flag regimes whose status is disputed or that have undergone subsequent non-republican transformations ^{[1] [3] [2]}.