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Former British posessions in North America
Laws and public attitudes shifted labor systems in British North America from time-limited, contract-based indenture to lifelong, race-based chattel slavery through a mix of economic incentives (plant...
There is no single individual recorded in the provided sources as the “first person” to declare slavery an evil that must be abolished; early condemnations date from religious dissenters in the 1600s ...
New York State had thousands — not hundreds of thousands — of enslaved people in the decades before the Civil War: census and archival accounts record roughly 21,000 enslaved people in New York in 179...
The historical roots of racism in the United States rest on a convergence of early colonial labor systems, transatlantic slavery, legal codification of race, and the social invention of “whiteness” to...