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Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages
The historical Khazar polity was a real medieval polity in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, but there is no credible scholarly evidence that a transhistorical, secret “Khazarian Mafia” ever existed; r...
The name “Palestine” has ancient literary roots — Herodotus used Palaistine in the 5th century BCE to describe a district of Syria (earliest incontrovertible attestation) . The term functioned for mil...
Claims that “Khazarians were bad people” rest almost entirely on modern conspiracy narratives and selective readings of medieval sources; mainstream historians describe the Khazars as a Turkic, mercan...
The evidence provided in the analyses shows a clear scholarly dispute: some recent work asserts the Khazar ruling class converted to Judaism and played a in medieval Jewish history, while other recent...
The Catholic Church—and especially the papacy—played a central initiating and organizing role in the Crusades: Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at Clermont in 1095 in response to a Byzantine...
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon was shaped by a blend of early ecumenical councils, regional synodal collections preserved in the Sinodos and Fetha Nägäst, and local historical developm...
The Khazar elite’s conversion to Judaism in the 8th–9th centuries served as a deliberate strategy to preserve between the expanding Islamic caliphates and the Byzantine Empire, producing both diplomat...
Palestinian genetic diversity today reflects long-standing local continuity in the Southern Levant combined with layered inputs from migrations, conquests, and episodic gene flow rather than wholesale...
The phrase "7th century CE" denotes the 100-year span from 601 through 700 in the Common Era (Christian Era) and is a conventional label historians use to locate events on a timeline . It is most ofte...
Scholars agree the Khazar polity (c. 7th–13th centuries) included an elite—and some communities—that adopted Judaism and that Khazaria acted as a major trade-state between Byzantium and the Islamic wo...