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Capital of the Eastern Roman, Latin and Ottoman Empires, currently Istanbul, Turkey
Several Founding Fathers explicitly referenced Islam or Muslims in their writings and public actions: Thomas Jefferson owned a Qur’an and studied Islam’s texts; Benjamin Franklin mentioned “the Mufti ...
The Catholic Church—and especially the papacy—played a central initiating and organizing role in the Crusades: Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at Clermont in 1095 in response to a Byzantine...
cannot be reduced to a single motive: medieval actors and institutions framed them as defensive — to halt Muslim expansion and reclaim sacred Christian sites — while many participants and leaders purs...
n Orthodox Tewahedo Church preserved 1 Enoch, Jubilees and related works through a confluence of early Christian adoption in , liturgical and communal use in , a robust manuscript culture centered in ...
The British newspaper The Times and its Constantinople correspondent Philip Graves played a pivotal role in publicly exposing The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a literary forgery in 1921 by demon...
Pope Leo IX is presented across the sources as a pivotal 11th-century papal figure whose actions accelerated ecclesiastical reforms, confronted clerical abuses, and helped set the stage for both the G...