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Archaeological evidence directly tied to Muhammad as an individual is sparse; the best material links are later 7th–8th century inscriptions and early mosque architecture that fit the rise of Islam, n...
The earliest substantial biographical material about Prophet Muhammad in the Islamic tradition appears in 8th–9th century sīrah and hadith compilations, most notably the collected traditions assembled...
Modern Muslim interpretations of Surah 9 (At‑Tawbah) are diverse: many classical and contemporary commentators situate its sometimes severe language in a historical context tied to treaties, the Tabuk...
Muhammad is the central prophet of Islam whose life, teachings and political leadership reshaped seventh‑century Arabia and founded a global faith followed by over a billion people today . Modern unde...
Islam originated in the early 7th century CE on the Arabian Peninsula, where the Prophet Muhammad began reporting revelations that Muslims believe were from God (Allah) and which were later compiled a...
Historical circumstances — especially the Meccan and Medinan periods of early Islam — shape how Quranic verses about Jews and Christians are read: some passages emphasize theological kinship and rewar...
Early Quranic manuscripts cluster into a handful of traditions: early Hijazi fragments (including the Birmingham folios and the Ṣanʿāʾ palimpsest), the companion codices (e.g., Ibn Masʿūd, Ubayy ibn K...
Islamic scholars have long debated Quranic passages on warfare, with many mainstream jurists and modern commentators arguing the Quran limits fighting to self-defence, prescribes proportionality, and ...