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Former country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976
Operation Popeye was a clandestine U.S. Air Force cloud‑seeding program (1967–1972) intended to extend monsoon rains over the Ho Chi Minh Trail and interdict North Vietnamese logistics by softening ro...
Only two Nobel laureates are widely reported to have refused a Nobel Prize: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the 1964 Literature Prize) and North Vietnamese negotiator Lê Đức Thọ (declined the 1973 Peace Pr...
have reshaped wars, institutions and public trust: ’s misleading account of the helped escalate the War, ’s administration used faulty claims about ’s weapons to justify invasion, and ’s deceptions to...
Operation Popeye (1967–1972) was a covert U.S. cloud‑seeding program that aimed to extend monsoon rains over the Ho Chi Minh Trail to soften roadbeds, induce flooding and landslides, and thereby hinde...
As of 2025, most mainstream listings identify five countries that constitutionally remain one‑party, Marxist‑Leninist or socialist states commonly described as “communist”: China, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos ...
Operation Popeye used airborne cloud‑seeding—primarily silver‑iodide particles dispersed from aircraft—to try to extend monsoon rains over the Ho Chi Minh Trail with the aim of flooding and making roa...
The documents present a consistent core claim: the Gulf of Tonkin incidents in August 1964 precipitated a substantial escalation of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam through congressional authoriza...