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City in the German state of Bavaria
Nazi propaganda was a centralized, multi‑platform campaign that used newspapers, posters, film, radio, rallies, textbooks and cultural control to glorify Hitler, build a “people’s community,” and iden...
Historical examples of military personnel carrying out or refusing orders later judged illegal most often center on war crimes and clear abuses—most prominently the My Lai massacre in Vietnam and the ...
Holocaust deniers systematically reject or reinterpret core categories of evidence—eyewitness testimony, Nazi and Allied documentary records, physical and forensic remains of camps, demographic resear...
The Nuremberg Trials established that "just following orders" — the superior‑orders defense — cannot serve as an absolute shield against prosecution for war crimes: the London Charter and the IMT judg...
A broad, multidisciplinary body of evidence — physical remains at camps, Nazi documents, wartime intelligence and photographs, survivor and perpetrator testimony, postwar trials and archaeological wor...
Historical precedent shows that soldiers have sometimes been prosecuted for following orders deemed illegal and, in other times, have been exonerated or spared full liability when courts found the leg...
The postwar trials in 1945–46 relied on a combination of eyewitness testimony (survivors, perpetrators), documentary evidence, film and photographs, and physical site inspection reports to establish t...
Primary claims assert that Nazi authorities built and used gas chambers between 1941–1945; key documentary anchors include SS construction affidavits, Nazi blueprints explicitly labeling “Gaskammer,” ...
The “Hostage Edict” refers broadly to the system of orders and regulations issued by Nazi military leadership in 1941–42 that institutionalized the taking and summary execution of civilian hostages an...
Physical evidence for the Holocaust is extensive and multi‑modal: a vast documentary record assembled at Nuremberg, thousands of survivor and perpetrator testimonies, contemporary photographs and film...
Holocaust deniers challenge the "six million" figure through a set of repeatable tactics: disputing documentary and forensic evidence, advancing alternative causes of death (disease, Allied bombing), ...
Estimates of Holocaust victims vary because historians use different sources and methods — Nazi records, postwar demographic studies, survivor lists and forensic evidence — and because gaps and undocu...
Historic and legal precedent makes clear that military personnel may refuse orders that are “patently” or “manifestly” illegal — a rule rooted in Nuremberg and applied in U.S. practice such as the My ...
The weight of historical evidence and the consensus among scholars and major institutions support the widely stated figure that approximately six million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust, ...
Historians debunk Holocaust denial by assembling a dense, convergent body of documentary, testimonial, physical, and demographic evidence that denies any coherent alternative narrative; the record inc...
Holocaust deniers have been comprehensively refuted by a convergence of documentary records, survivor and perpetrator testimony, physical and forensic evidence, demographic analysis, and judicial find...
Survivor testimonies, perpetrator confessions, Nazi documents and the surviving physical and architectural remnants at Auschwitz‑Birkenau form a mutually reinforcing body of evidence: survivors and So...
Archival records and postwar trial documents establish that Zyklon B was manufactured and marketed by firms connected to IG Farben—principally through the pesticide company Degesch, in which IG Farben...
Historical precedent shows that U.S. service members have both been prosecuted and, in other cases, acquitted or excused when they followed superior orders later judged unlawful; the key legal touchst...
The assembled analyses converge on a clear finding: the Nuremberg trials created the first systematic, public, and legally framed record of Nazi atrocities, producing vast documentary and testimonial ...