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Language that was used in the Ottoman Empire
Henry Ford’s recruitment of Arab immigrants was driven mainly by industrial labor needs and the draw of higher wages and stability—most sources cite Ford’s $5-a-day policy and active recruitment that ...
In 1920 the territory east of the Jordan River was not a fully separate sovereign state called Jordan; instead it was part of the post‑Ottoman political vacuum that Britain placed under mandate arrang...
Before 1948, the lands now called Israel/Palestine were inhabited by multiple long-standing communities with deep local roots: Arab Palestinian villages and towns (Muslim, Christian and Druze), a cont...
Zionism is a modern Jewish nationalist movement that sought and achieved a Jewish state in historic Palestine in 1948, and that foundational achievement is a central root of the Israeli–Palestinian co...
The British Mandate (1920–1948) and the UN’s 1947 partition plan together created the legal-geographic frame and the contested starting points that underpin nearly every modern Israeli and Palestinian...
Archaeological layers in Palestine show human habitation from the Paleolithic and Natufian periods through Bronze, Iron, Roman, Byzantine and Islamic eras, with continuous material culture at sites su...
The question "Does Palestine belong to the Palestinians?" has no single factual answer; it rests on overlapping historical claims, international legal developments, demographic realities, and competin...
Thomas Jefferson’s most concrete primary evidence relating to Islam is material and documentary: the Qur’an he purchased in 1765 that later entered his library, plus his library catalogue, notes and p...
Black-labeled populations indigenous to lands outside Africa fall into two clear categories in the sources reviewed: (A) long-established non-African indigenous peoples whose deep prehistory traces ba...
Western fears of a supposed Muslim global dominance are rooted in a long chain of historical encounters—from medieval military clashes and the memory of Islamic polities in Europe, through colonial-er...
The League of Nations mandates created many modern states from former Ottoman and German territories; nearly all former mandates achieved recognized sovereignty or were folded into UN trusteeships, wh...
Transjordan was included within the geographic scope of the British Mandate for Palestine at San Remo in 1920 but was administratively treated as a separate entity by Britain from about late 1920–1921...
Zionism as a modern political movement crystallized in late‑19th‑century Europe as a response to persistent antisemitism and the limits of emancipation, with marking its formal founding moments; earli...
Executive summary The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a century-long, multi-layered dispute rooted in competing nationalisms, colonial-era decisions, wars in 1948 and 1967, and ongoing disputes over t...
has long been a named geographic and administrative region — used by travelers, cartographers, imperial powers and local populations for centuries before the modern State of was declared in 1948 . Whe...
Britain created the political space for the Hashemite family to rule what became Transjordan in the aftermath of World War I, placing Emir Abdullah (a son of Sharif Hussein) in Amman in 1921 under Bri...
Thomas Jefferson owned an English translation of the Qur’an, welcomed a Muslim ambassador to the White House in 1805, and wrote that his aim in protecting religious liberty was to “comprehend… the Chr...
The modern State of Israel was declared on 14 May 1948 at the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, followed immediately by the 1948 Arab–Israeli War that left Israel in control of most mandate te...
Modern legal systems incorporate Sharīʿa in different domains: most commonly personal status (family law), and variably in finance, criminal provisions, and public ethics depending on the country’s co...
Traditional and modern readings of Sharia differ chiefly on methodology and application: traditional approaches emphasize classical juristic methods (fiqh) and established schools (madhhabs), while mo...