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Capital city of Yemen
Scholarly and popular sources in the provided set converge on one central fact: mainstream Muslim belief and many Islamic institutions maintain that the Qur’an’s text has been preserved without substa...
After Muhammad’s death the Qur’an was preserved by a mix of oral memorization and successive written compilations: companions had memorized large portions during his lifetime and early caliphs commiss...
Standardized Quranic orthography (the Uthmanic rasm) is traditionally dated to the mid-7th century under Caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, who commissioned a consonantal "skeleton" text to unify copies and c...
The Quran is traditionally understood by Muslims to be a revelation delivered to the Prophet Muhammad over roughly 23 years beginning in 610 CE, preserved through a mix of oral memorization and writte...
The Ṣanʿāʾ palimpsest is a high-profile manuscript find that documents an older layer of Qurʾānic text beneath a later, more standard layer, and it has intensified debate about early textual variation...
Early Quranic manuscripts cluster into a handful of traditions: early Hijazi fragments (including the Birmingham folios and the Ṣanʿāʾ palimpsest), the companion codices (e.g., Ibn Masʿūd, Ubayy ibn K...
Muslim tradition and many contemporary Muslim-facing histories say the Qur’an was preserved by a combination of memorization (huffāẓ), contemporaneous written notes, and an early standardization under...