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Highest judicial authority in the European Union, consisting of the Court of Justice and the General Court
EU governments reached a political compromise on the so-called “Chat Control” (Child Sexual Abuse — CSA — regulation) on 26 November 2025, replacing a mandatory scanning requirement with language that...
Countries with the for transgender rights in recent coverage are primarily in the European Union, where a September 2025 Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) opinion pushed member states towa...
are expanding surveillance capabilities—new laws, travel data regimes and spyware pilots are visible across member states—but powerful legal limits, active courts and civil-society pushback continue t...
EU law does not categorically allow blanket retroactive criminalisation, and the Court of Justice has long recognised limits on retroactivity—especially for penal rules—while permitting retrospective ...
Two recent rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have become central in debates over biometric retention tied to travel and policing: the CJEU confirmed the Entry/Exit System (E...
closed the controversial border “” and introduced an embassy-based “declaration of intent” system and emergency rules under a prolonged “state of crisis,” but those steps have not satisfied the and th...
Since 2015 a patchwork of member states have adopted, amended or attempted laws that touch on and the anonymity of communications—some tightening retention and access rules, others having courts strik...
The Court of Justice of the European Union has in recent years issued a string of rulings tightening the conditions under which biometric and other special-category personal data may be lawfully proce...
The statement that “citizenship is an unrestricted, unrevokable, irreversible right” collides with practical law: domestic states can and do revoke or restrict national passports and citizenship in sp...
EU institutions have responded to a string of CJEU decisions by insisting that biometric retention be narrowly tailored, subject to a strict “necessity” test, periodic review, and effective erasure ri...
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) upheld the validity of the EU PNR Directive but substantially narrowed how member states may process Passenger Name Record (PNR) data: broad, undiffer...
Since 2020 courts and prosecutors have repeatedly relied on search- and provider-generated data to open investigations and obtain warrants in CSAM cases, producing numerous convictions where device se...
The recent wave of EU and related court rulings has limited blanket biometric data retention by police and clarified strict conditions for law enforcement collection, storage and erasure — most notabl...
The original statement correctly identifies the with shared political, economic, and legal frameworks and an institutional architecture that includes the Commission, Council, Parliament, Court of Just...
European countries present a picture on trans safety and rights: a landmark Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) opinion pushes the EU toward comprehensive legal gender recognition, while nat...