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Venezuela’s nationalizations over decades swept up not only U.S. oil majors but a broad array of foreign (non‑U.S.) firms — European and regional partners in joint ventures — and several of those comp...
Hugo Chávez’s drive to assert state control over Venezuela’s oil translated, by the mid-2000s, into the takeover or forced relinquishment of foreign-operated projects — most prominently assets run by ...
The 1997 “Apertura Petrolera” (Oil Opening) fundamentally shifted Venezuela from exclusive state control toward a hybrid model that invited foreign capital and technology into the Orinoco heavy‑oil be...
Venezuela carried out a wholesale nationalization of its oil industry effective 1 January 1976, converting foreign concessionaires into state-controlled affiliates under PDVSA and replacing operators ...
China and Russia built their post‑2007 relationships with Venezuela’s PDVSA around state‑backed finance and trade‑for‑oil structures—China mainly through large loan‑for‑oil lines and joint ventures th...
Chevron and a number of European oil majors agreed after the 2007–2010 restructurings to remain in Venezuela as minority partners in state-dominated joint ventures with PDVSA rather than face full exp...
A wave of international arbitrations followed Venezuela’s 2007–2008 nationalizations of oil projects, producing a mix of multi‑billion‑dollar awards and smaller rulings under World Bank and other trib...
Venezuela’s upstream is dominated by state-controlled joint ventures in which PDVSA is required to hold majority equity—commonly at least 60%—and a mix of foreign partners operate or provide services ...
Public reporting on Venezuela documents a long history of state-mandated majority ownership by PDVSA in joint ventures, heavy U.S. sanctions and secondary measures that complicate commercial ties, and...
Hugo Chávez’s push to reassert state control—forcing majority PDVSA ownership of joint ventures, renegotiating contracts and expropriating assets—sharply worsened Venezuela’s investment climate and dr...
Hugo Chávez’s push to reassert state control over Venezuela’s oil sector in the mid-2000s led to the takeover or forced renegotiation of projects operated by major international oil companies includin...
After the 2006–2007 reconfiguration of Venezuela’s “Apertura” model into state‑led joint ventures requiring PDVSA to hold at least 60% equity, these 60/40 JV structures became the principal legal and ...
Fusion power is increasingly credible as a technological path to abundant, low‑carbon electricity thanks to concentrated private capital, government roadmaps, and recent experimental progress, but . M...
Argentina is not the recipient of a single, clearly identified "$20 billion" investment by one country or company in the documents provided; instead the figure appears to reflect an aggregation or hea...