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UN ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands
States face a restrictive legal framework when contemplating on foreign soil: the Charter’s prohibition on force under remains the baseline, and exceptions such as under , authorization, or evolving d...
Available reporting and tribunal records show that mass rape was a documented tactic in the wars that followed breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, used by multiple sides and prosecuted by the ICTY; Hu...
The legal definition of genocide under the 1948 Genocide Convention requires acts (killing, causing serious harm, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, preventing births, or forcible transfe...
Slobodan Milošević was indicted by the UN’s International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on 66 counts including genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Kosovo, Croatia ...
Snipers were a systematic terror tool during the 1992–95 siege of Sarajevo: positions on surrounding hills and in high-rise buildings gave shooters clear lines of fire into civilian areas, and researc...
Courts deciding genocide claims have relied on a mix of legal tests—proof of specific intent to destroy a protected group, large-scale acts (killings, conditions of life, forcible transfers), and cont...
The Nuremberg proceedings established individual criminal responsibility and rejected blanket superior‑orders defenses—most famously through the Nuremberg Principles and Article 8 of the IMT Charter—c...
War crimes are the most serious violations of the laws that govern armed conflict; they require an armed conflict context and are defined by treaties (notably the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statu...