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Intergovernmental organization based in Hamburg, Germany
The United States can and has seized foreign-flagged tankers carrying cargo it deems sanctionable, but those actions rest on a mixed legal toolkit—domestic warrants and forfeiture laws, cooperation wi...
Venezuela has publicly vowed to “file complaints with international bodies” and condemned the U.S. seizure of the tanker Skipper as “blatant theft” and “international piracy” . U.S. officials say the ...
Rules for use of force in maritime interdiction center on two competing legal frames: law‑enforcement standards (necessity, proportionality, reasonableness; non‑deadly preferred) when policing vessels...
International courts and tribunals have faced a narrow, fact-specific docket on clashes between flag‑state consent and measures authorized by the 1988 UN Drug Convention; the treaty requires flag‑stat...
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) has repeatedly affirmed that coastal States must allow innocent passage of foreign ships but may act against passages that are not “innocent,”...
There is no single international tribunal ruling that cleanly and exhaustively defines when a vessel is “stateless” under UNCLOS; instead, tribunals and arbitral bodies have left significant space for...
Since 2020 national courts and states have justified vessel seizures by invoking domestic statutes (forfeiture, sanctions, and drug laws) and narrow exceptions in the law of the sea; tribunals such as...
There is extensive treaty text and commentary on the 1988 UN Drug Convention’s boarding and enforcement provisions, but the provided sources do not identify a definitive international court ruling tha...