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Integrated Public Use Microdata Series databases maintained at the University of Minnesota
The 1860 U.S. census enumerated roughly 3.95 million people held in bondage — most commonly reported as 3,953,760 or rounded to about 3.9 million . Those enslaved people were unevenly distributed by s...
estimates in the provided reporting show a in people reporting in from the early 2010s to 2024, with snapshots of roughly 25,000 , ~58,800 , ~91,000 , and about 107–108,000 , but the sources conflict ...
The American Community Survey (ACS) estimates that a slight majority of Minnesotans of Somali background were born in the United States — roughly “almost 58%” U.S.-born versus about 42% born abroad, a...
The American Community Survey (ACS) is the backbone of U.S. research on immigrant populations but it is a blunt instrument for small, dispersed groups: useful for broad counts and socioeconomic snapsh...
The simplest, defensible answer is that the mean number of enslaved people per in 1860 was roughly — about 3.95 million enslaved people divided by roughly 394,000 recorded slaveholders, yielding an av...
The American Community Survey (ACS) and the Decennial Census collect different kinds of identity data: ancestry is a self-reported cultural/ethnic origin question used in ACS products, while “foreign‑...