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Astronomical observatory in Cheshire, England, UK
Soviet assets did observe Apollo 11 activity in July 1969: Luna 15 was in lunar orbit at the same time and Moscow’s monitoring organizations had the capability and interest to listen to or track US sp...
Independent, non‑US recordings of Apollo 11 exist but are limited: amateur radio operator Larry Baysinger recorded VHF voice from the astronauts on the lunar surface, and a handful of professional obs...
Independent verification of Apollo in 1969 relied on a broad, international web of radio dishes, optical telescopes and airborne/sea platforms that intercepted and measured Apollo radio signals, telem...
Multiple independent lines of third‑party evidence show that Soviet organizations and non‑ observatories tracked and observed in real time — from radio reception and telescope monitoring to radar sigh...
Independent observatories — notably Bochum, Parkes, Honeysuckle Creek, Corralitos and Jodrell Bank — and several amateur radio operators (for example Larry Baysinger and others cited in ham-radio repo...
Independent, non‑NASA observations — radio recordings by observatories and amateurs, radar tracking by multiple nations, laser retroreflector returns, and optical imaging from spacecraft and telescope...
Soviet and international tracking data corroborated Apollo in real time through a mix of independent radio monitoring, radar tracking, and widely distributed telemetry reception networks that observed...
Yes — the Soviet Union both tracked and publicly acknowledged following Apollo 11 in 1969, albeit in a cautious and politically managed way: Soviet technical units monitored the mission with intellige...
Luna 15 was a Soviet unmanned sample‑return probe launched on 13 July 1969 that entered lunar orbit while Apollo 11 was en route, attempted a descent on 21 July and crashed into the lunar surface; its...
Soviet technical centers and foreign observatories actively monitored Apollo 11’s radio, telemetry and trajectories, and had both capability and motive to detect any fraud; Soviet tracking (including ...
A mix of NASA’s own global tracking network and independent international observatories—most notably Australia’s Parkes and Honeysuckle Creek, the UK’s Jodrell Bank, and several smaller professional a...