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Since 2020, illicit fentanyl production has shifted through three measurable trends: clandestine chemistry diversified from older Janssen/Siegfried routes toward “one‑pot” and Gupta‑style methods that...
After 2020, forensic and law-enforcement reporting documents a clear shift in illicit fentanyl production away from classical Janssen/Siegfried routes toward “one‑pot”/Gupta-style methods and alternat...
Most widely reported clandestine fentanyl syntheses use piperidone-family intermediates—notably 4‑piperidone derivatives such as N‑phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP) and N‑BOC-4-piperidinone—which serve as ...
Fentanyl synthesis commonly relies on a small set of — notably N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP), 4-anilino‑N‑phenethylpiperidine (4‑ANPP), and related 4‑piperidone/4‑piperidinone salts — together with r...