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Index/Organizations/Solidarity

Solidarity

Polish trade union federation evolved into broad anti-authoritarian social movement

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4 results
Nov 21, 2025
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Why did communist regimes in Eastern Europe collapse in 1989?

Communist regimes in Eastern Europe collapsed in 1989 after a cascade of mass protests, negotiated transfers of power, and political openings that began in Poland and spread across the region; key pro...

Nov 21, 2025

What internal factors (bureaucracy, incentives, repression) and external pressures (war, sanctions, Cold War competition) contributed to the collapse of communist states?

Economic stagnation and bureaucratic sclerosis inside communist regimes, combined with political reforms and popular mobilization, precipitated the fall of Soviet-style states; scholars and contempora...

Nov 12, 2025

What are examples of discrimination faced by white South Africans since 1994?

Since 1994 white South Africans have reported a mix of legal, economic and rhetorical forms of discrimination, centered on employment and empowerment policies, land‑reform rhetoric and high‑profile na...

Nov 10, 2025

What led to the fall of communist regimes in the 20th century?

The fall of 20th‑century communist regimes resulted from a complex interplay of , not a single cause. Contemporary analyses emphasize that reformist Soviet policies under Mikhail Gorbachev (glasnost a...