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Former customs service of the United States (1789-2003)
The principal federal agencies that carried out immigration enforcement before the creation of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in 2003 were the Immigration and Naturalization Service (I...
ICE was created in 2003 as part of the Homeland Security Act’s post‑9/11 reorganization to consolidate investigative and interior enforcement powers formerly scattered across agencies, with an express...
was created in 2003 when the Homeland Security Act folded investigative and interior-enforcement functions of the and parts of the Customs Service into the new , recasting immigration enforcement as a...
was created in 2003 as part of the post‑9/11 reorganization that formed the , and its initial and ongoing funding has come from federal appropriations enacted by the and administered through DHS . Ove...
The abolished the Immigration and Naturalization Service and folded its functions into a new , splitting immigration and customs roles into three principal DHS components—, , and —while also absorbing...
that created the , operational responsibility along the border was split in clear, functional ways: units conducted roving surveillance and interdiction between official crossings, while the staffed a...
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is institutionally the direct heir to pre‑2003 U.S. immigration and customs agencies — principally the Immigration and Naturalization Service and portion...
The Department of Homeland Security created U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) on March 1, 2003, as the investigative and interior-enforcement successor to elements of the former U.S. Cust...