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Data collection program of Uppsala University
Global conflict datasets (UCDP, ACLED, GTD) are powerful but imperfect tools for counting violence; they use different inclusion rules, sourcing and coding choices that create systematic differences i...
No international law sets an “acceptable” civilian-death ratio; researchers instead measure patterns across conflicts and judge conduct by proportionality and intent . Historically, civilian shares of...
PRIO (through the UCDP/PRIO collaborative datasets) treats a conflict as “terminated” when researchers can assign a precise end_date to an episode of continuous armed violence and identify a concrete ...
Modern historical studies place the civilian share of wartime fatalities roughly around half of all victims in many conflicts, but urban fighting and particular tactics can push that share much higher...
Scholars quantify bias and error in conflict reporting by combining comparative event-matching, statistical models of selection/framing, and machine-learning text analysis; they triangulate media repo...
As of early 2026, several high-intensity wars are active and a larger set of protracted civil wars, insurgencies and regional flashpoints threaten to either persist or escalate; among the most visible...
Since 2020 numerous death totals have been revised across pandemics and wars: COVID-19 national and city tallies were repeatedly adjusted (e.g., New York City added ~3,778 presumed COVID deaths raisin...
The materials you provided contain on yearly counts of Christians killed in Nigeria by Boko Haram or Fulani militants, so the specific numerical claim cannot be verified from them. The three submitted...