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A definitive, source-backed roster of every Gulf Coast refinery that can process Venezuela’s heavy Merey and Hamaca blends does not exist in the provided reporting, but the evidence points to a core g...
No provided source contains a contemporaneous, line‑item "asset inventory" that explicitly marks delayed coker or hydrocracker units as delayed; therefore it is not possible from the reporting supplie...
A Gulf Coast coking refinery may be unable to accept heavy Venezuelan crude this month for three practical reasons: unit-level turnarounds or maintenance that take cokers, desulfurization units or ble...
A narrow group of refineries and countries worldwide currently have the technical configuration to handle Orinoco‑grade extra‑heavy crude — largely high‑conversion cokers and cokers with diluent/blend...
Valero’s Port Arthur complex and several Motiva/Convent-era Gulf Coast refineries are documented examples of sites that installed hydrocracking or coking capacity as part of multi‑billion–dollar expan...
Since Washington loosened petroleum restrictions in late 2022 by issuing a Chevron-specific authorization and later tightened and rewrote that authorization, actual flows of Venezuela’s heavy Merey an...
California’s high gas prices are driven by a mix of shrinking in-state oil production, that cut regional refining capacity, and political debates over whether to boost production or subsidize plants t...