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European Eastern Military Alliance (1954 – 1991)
Western leaders made verbal assurances in 1990 focused on Germany’s reunification, including James Baker’s line that “NATO’s jurisdiction… would not move one inch eastward,” but no legally binding, wr...
From 1925 onward the Soviet Union and, after 1991, the Russian Federation conducted overt military invasions, occupations or annexations of multiple countries and territories including Afghanistan , C...
No single, legally binding promise to forswear expansion into exists in the archival record; Western officials made oral assurances in 1990 limited to the disposition of NATO forces on a reunified , w...
NATO’s eastward expansion since 1999 has become a central grievance in Moscow’s security calculus, repeatedly cited by President Putin and Kremlin officials as a direct threat that reshaped Russian de...
The three uprisings named were mass political crises rooted in domestic grievances and in each case were met by or force; the documentation and contemporary scholarship do not support the claim that t...
Europe’s military posture in 2025 is numerically and technologically very different from the Cold War: Cold War-era forces were organized and massed for a large, immediate land war in central Europe, ...
The Soviet Union conducted a series of direct military operations, occupations and covert interventions across Eurasia and beyond during the 20th century, ranging from Red Army advances in the civil-w...
NATO’s post‑Cold War enlargement and Western policies have shaped both Russian perceptions of threat and Ukraine’s turn toward the West: NATO absorbed former Warsaw Pact states and Baltic ex‑republics...