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1st Rashidun Caliph and father-in-law of Muhammad
Scholarly and religious sources diverge: mainstream Muslim accounts say the Quran’s text has remained unchanged since a standardized codex was produced under Caliph ʿUthmān and that memorization and e...
The mainstream Islamic claim is that Prophet Muhammad did not write the Quran; he received it as revelation from God through the angel Gabriel and his followers recorded and later compiled the text. S...
After Muhammad’s death the Qur’an was preserved by a mix of oral memorization and successive written compilations: companions had memorized large portions during his lifetime and early caliphs commiss...
Sunni early sources emphasise a rapid, companion-led compilation of scattered written fragments and memorized recitation under Abu Bakr and an official recension under Caliph Uthman (the Uthmanic code...
Early Quranic manuscripts cluster into a handful of traditions: early Hijazi fragments (including the Birmingham folios and the Ṣanʿāʾ palimpsest), the companion codices (e.g., Ibn Masʿūd, Ubayy ibn K...
Muslim tradition and many contemporary Muslim-facing histories say the Qur’an was preserved by a combination of memorization (huffāẓ), contemporaneous written notes, and an early standardization under...