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Arab Muslim theologian, writer and scholar (767–820)
’s classical toolbox rests on four recognised sources: as primary scriptures, with ijma (scholarly consensus) and qiyas (analogical reasoning) as secondary methods used when scripture is silent or gen...
Classical Islamic scholars read Quranic verses about the People of the Book and about warfare through layered, technical methods of tafsir that privilege context, language, prophetic practice and the ...
Sunni and Shia Muslims share the same Quranic text and both traditions stress that verses on warfare are context-dependent, emphasise limits on violence, and reject wanton targeting of civilians . Maj...