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President of Venezuela (1922-2010)
Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro oversaw waves of state takeovers and tighter state control over oil and mining assets, notably asserting majority or full state stakes in Orinoco heavy-oil...
Venezuela moved from concession-based private oil operations to state control through a legal process codified by the Organic Law Reserving the Hydrocarbons Industry and Trade (the 1975 nationalizatio...
Yes — Venezuela has both nationalized key petroleum assets and, at times, detained U.S.-connected executives in the wake of those disputes; most prominently, six U.S.-based Citgo executives were arres...
Venezuela’s 1976 nationalization transferred control of the oil industry to state-owned PDVSA and — according to contemporary and retrospective accounts — involved negotiated compensation to the major...
The 1976 nationalization was a state-engineered, legally codified transfer of oil concessions into PDVSA designed amid a global oil boom and negotiated compensation, whereas the Chávez-era expropriati...