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African-American activist (1948-1969)
The Black Panther Party (BPP), founded in Oakland in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, combined armed self-defense against police brutality with extensive community “survival programs” that serv...
The claim that the FBI Director created or ran a program (COINTELPRO) specifically to “stop African Americans from uniting with Africa” is a partial distortion: the FBI’s COINTELPRO targeted Black org...
The FBI’s COINTELPRO-era tactics in Black communities during the 1960s–1970s deliberately sought to “expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize” civil rights and Black nationalist ...