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Scholars converge on a cluster of core features——but disagree sharply over thresholds that turn “illiberal” politics into “fascism.” Recent debates since 2020 center on whether contemporary U.S. pheno...
Scholars treat fascism not as a single, simple label but as a contested cluster of features—violent, exclusionary nationalism, charismatic authoritarian leadership, suppression of opposition, and mass...
The word “fascism” today lives in two registers: a well-studied historical ideology with specific traits described by scholars and encyclopedias, and a broadly deployed political epithet used across t...
Scholars separate from contemporary “” by looking for specific institutional, ideological, and behavioral thresholds—most notably organized paramilitary violence, a coherent palingenetic ultranational...
Historians separate fascism from populism and routine authoritarianism by looking for a cluster of ideological, organizational and behavioral markers—most centrally a mythology of national rebirth (pa...
Long-term randomized trials directly comparing higher‑protein to higher‑carbohydrate diets beyond 12 months are limited but do exist, and collectively show small, sometimes transient advantages for hi...
The most directly relevant precedents and recent rulings about Section 3 (the “Insurrection” or “Disqualification” Clause) come from Reconstruction‑era decisions like Griffin’s Case and a cluster of m...