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Syrian Islamic historian, exegete and scholar (c.1300–1373)
Key Quranic passages commonly cited about fighting non‑Muslims include 2:191–193 and 9:5 and 9:29, which in translation tell believers to “fight” certain opponents and, in 9:29, to fight “until they p...
The Quran does not issue an unqualified, universal command to kill Christians in Surah 9; the contested verses are contingent, tied to and to groups described as hostile or treaty‑breaking rather than...
Classical Muslim scholars read Qur’anic passages about Jews and Christians through linguistic, legal and historical lenses: some verses praise “People of the Book” and promise reward to those among th...
Classical mufassirun treat Quran 9:5 and 2:191 not as free‑standing universal maxims but as verses grounded in specific historical circumstances: 9:5 is read by major medieval commentators as a wartim...
Classical Islamic scholars read Quranic verses about the People of the Book and about warfare through layered, technical methods of tafsir that privilege context, language, prophetic practice and the ...
The idea of naskh (abrogation) is a long‑standing, contested doctrine in Islamic scholarship: many classical jurists accepted that some Quranic rulings were superseded by later texts, while modern and...
Islamic scholars disagree on how to read Quranic passages about peace and warfare: many mainstream tafsirs frame fighting as defensive and bounded by strict rules — for example “fight those who fight ...
The Quran contains several verses that prescribe fighting in specific circumstances—commonly cited passages include 2:190–193 (self‑defence), 9:5 and 9:29 (the so‑called “sword” verses), and verses th...
Major Quranic passages that mention fighting include foundational permission-to-fight verses such as 2:190–193 and 22:39–40, battle-specific passages associated with Badr and Hudaybiyyah (e.g., materi...
Major Islamic scholars consistently read Surah al‑Ma'idah 5:72–75 as a , while also treating Christians as “People of the Book” with specific legal permissions and limits — notably on food and marriag...