Ibn Mujahid al-Ṭāï

When and why were standardized Quranic orthographies (rasm) and recitation systems (qira’at) formalized?

Standardized Quranic orthography (the Uthmanic rasm) is traditionally dated to the mid-7th century under Caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, who commissioned a consonantal "skeleton" text to unify copies and c...