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President of the United States from 1809 to 1817
Several presidents have overseen major changes to the White House across two centuries: early construction and rebuilds (George Washington, James Madison), turn-of-the-century and early 20th-century a...
The Second Amendment was adopted as part of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791 and contains the clause, “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of th...
The Constitution mentions religion directly only twice: Article VI forbids religious tests for federal office and the First Amendment (ratified 1791) bars “establishment” and protects “free exercise,”...
Fifteen U.S. presidents are commonly listed as Freemasons if you count Lyndon B. Johnson (initiated but not raised); most reputable masonic and journalistic lists put the number at 14 or 15 and note G...
The filibuster is not mentioned in the U.S. Constitution or the Federalist Papers; it is a Senate procedural practice that developed over the 19th and early 20th centuries and was later constrained by...
Historic practice: nearly every U.S. president since James Madison has attended at least one service at St. John’s Episcopal — dubbed the “Church of the Presidents” — and many presidents are recorded ...
At least nine signers of the U.S. Constitution are widely described in museum and Masonic scholarship as “conclusively documented” Freemasons, while other reputable accounts expand that list to 13 or ...
Genuine U.S. $5,000 bills with Donald Trump’s image do not appear in official circulation; the historic U.S. $5,000 note featured James Madison and was discontinued in 1969 . What does exist in the ma...
The Constitution’s Article V contains an explicit amendment mechanism — Congress can propose amendments or, on application of two‑thirds of state legislatures, call a convention — and three‑fourths of...
Colonial laws and the first state constitutions (1776–1800) repeatedly treated religion—mostly Christianity—as central to public order: many colonies maintained established churches, mandated worship ...
Thomas Jefferson’s personal religious views — skeptical of orthodox Christianity, committed to Enlightenment reason, and a devout advocate for religious liberty — shaped his public push to insulate go...
The Founding Fathers largely endorsed institutional distance between church and state, arguing that government should neither establish a national religion nor coerce belief while protecting free exer...
In 1787–1788 the framers debated a “natural born citizen” rule but left its text unexplained; John Jay’s July 25, 1787 letter proposing a birth‑based bar influenced the final clause and James Madison ...
Available reporting in the provided sources shows that commentators and some databases note Donald Trump has not been a frequent, regular churchgoer during and after his presidencies, with one article...
Article VI’s “No Religious Test” clause, adopted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and operative with the new federal government in 1789, barred any *formal* religious test as a qualification f...
The sources agree on the broad timeline—fire in 1814, rebuilding led by James Hoban completed by 1817, South Portico in 1824 under James Monroe and North Portico around 1829 under Andrew Jackson—yet t...
The Constitution requires the president, before exercising any powers, to take a specific oath promising to and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of ," a compact that binds the occupant t...
James Madison’s personal commitment to religious liberty—shaped by Enlightenment learning, his work on Virginia’s measures such as the Memorial and Remonstrance and the Virginia Statute for Religious ...
The most widely cited scholarly estimate places John Quincy Adams as the U.S. president with the highest reported IQ, with Simonton-era figures typically in the mid-160s to mid-170s (commonly reported...
A small but notable group of U.S. presidents did not place their hand on a Bible when taking the presidential oath, for reasons that cluster into three categories: unclear or undocumented early ceremo...