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Founding Father, U.S. Chief Justice from 1789 to 1795
The Constitution’s Article II natural‑born‑citizen requirement was adopted in 1787 to limit foreign influence on the presidency and has repeatedly produced legal and scholarly disputes over its origin...
In 1787–1788 the framers debated a “natural born citizen” rule but left its text unexplained; John Jay’s July 25, 1787 letter proposing a birth‑based bar influenced the final clause and James Madison ...
The Constitution requires the president be a “natural born Citizen,” but the text does not define that term and the Supreme Court has never definitively ruled on whether being born inside U.S. territo...
The Founding Fathers were religiously diverse: many were nominal or practicing Protestants (Anglican/Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, etc.), a meaningful minority were theistic/Christian...
Enlightenment ideas—especially Locke’s natural rights, Montesquieu’s separation of powers, and a growing emphasis on toleration and conscience—shaped early American legal references to religion by shi...
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay did use the term “filibuster” or describe the modern filibuster procedure in the Federalist Papers; the essays focus on majority rule, deliberation, and...