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English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
Thomas Jefferson owned an English translation of the Qur’an purchased in 1765 and collected other books on Islam; scholars argue that his reading informed a liberal, inclusionary argument that “neithe...
A libertarian is someone who treats individual liberty as the primary political value and seeks to limit coercive state power accordingly . The label covers a spectrum—from advocates of a minimal “nig...
Historians have documented conflicting evidence about the Founders’ views of Muslims: many scholars point to explicit gestures of inclusion—Jefferson’s possession of a Qur’an, congressional language i...
did explicitly mention "Mahometan" (an 18th‑century term for Muslim) when recounting the passage of ’s , and his papers and library show sustained engagement with Islam as a legal and political catego...
The claim that " as a right-wing movement" is false as a historical generalization: the ideas labeled libertarian have roots in both radical left anti‑statist currents (notably Levellers and 19th‑cent...
Thomas Jefferson owned a two-volume English translation of the Qur’an (George Sale’s 1734 work, Jefferson’s copy published in 1764) and scholars have traced his interest in that translation across dec...
Enlightenment ideas—especially Locke’s natural rights, Montesquieu’s separation of powers, and a growing emphasis on toleration and conscience—shaped early American legal references to religion by shi...