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Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian (c. 185 – c. 253)
Historic evidence makes it highly probable that a prominent figure known as existed and led ; scholars differ, however, on what “brother” precisely denotes—blood brother, step‑brother, or close kinsma...
Saint Jerome’s Latin Vulgate translation rendered the Hebrew helel ben shachar (Isaiah 14:12) as “Lucifer,” a common Latin word for the morning star (Venus); that poetic phrase originally addressed a ...
Early Christian interpreters began treating Isaiah 14:12's Hebrew phrase Helel ben Shachar ("shining one, son of the morning") as a portrait of a fallen angel chiefly because Greek and Latin translati...
Early church writers offered three main defenses against reading the “brothers” of as ’s biological children: and advanced the claim they were ’s children from an earlier marriage (making them step‑br...
No surviving ancient Greek or Roman pagan author is known to record or attest to the specific claim that ’ tomb was found empty; the appears in Christian sources—the four Gospels and the fragmentary G...
as sexually deviant by feminizing Jewish men, pathologizing Jewish sexual practices, and inventing bodily myths (such as Jewish male menstruation) that marked Jews as morally and biologically other . ...
The strongest historical evidence that belong to the n canon is the continuous Geʽez manuscript tradition and explicit canonical lists and practices within the and Orthodox communities that include th...
Early church engagement with was uneven: several second‑ and third‑century Fathers treated its and visions of judgment as authoritative evidence shaping Christian thought, while later Latin theologian...
Early Christian writers began to link the Isaiah passage about the “morning star” (Hebrew helel, Latin lucifer) with the devil already in late antiquity: church fathers such as Origen, Tertullian and ...
— , , (and /) — has been alive since the and has only intensified in modern denominational disputes, with these figures as precedents for full female ministry or as exceptional, non‑normative instance...
’ Antiquities (Book 20.9.1) records that the high priest convened a council and had “the brother of who was called Christ, whose name was ,” and others, accused as lawbreakers and delivered to be ston...
The Gospel of Thomas is a noncanonical "sayings" collection of 114 logia attributed to Jesus that has reshaped debates about early Christian diversity since a nearly complete Coptic manuscript surface...
Translations like the Greek Septuagint and Jerome’s Latin Vulgate helped transform poetic celestial imagery in Hebrew texts into lexical items—Phosphorus/Heosphoros and Lucifer—that readers and theolo...
Scholars and commentators have long debated whether Matthew 5:22 originally included the Greek adverb translated “without a cause” (εἰκῆ / “without cause”), and interpreters have treated that phrase i...