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American academic (1932–2014)
Claims that the Bolsheviks were responsible for roughly 60 million deaths rest on aggregating a mix of documented executions, deaths in detention and forced labor, and mass-famine and wartime excess m...
Historians estimate death tolls from the Russian Revolution and early Soviet period by combining fragmentary archival counts, contemporary reports, demographic reconstructions, and wide-ranging schola...
’s and ’s high‑end have been influential but contested: critics argue they rest on selective sources, problematic demographic assumptions, and aggregations that conflate direct executions, excess deat...
The question “ Revolution” receives very different answers depending on what is being counted: the near‑immediate seizure of power in in November 1917 was largely bloodless, while the subsequent , (19...
Scholarly estimates of deaths attributable to Joseph Stalin’s rule between the late 1920s and 1953 span a wide range—archival-based tallies cluster around a few million, while demographic and polemica...