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Russian microbiologist and sociologist (1883–1973)
The three arrows emblem traces to early-1930s Germany and was created for the Social Democratic–linked Iron Front as a visual program of resistance against authoritarian movements; historians consiste...
The symbol was created in 1931 for the , a anti- organization in , and was explicitly intended to oppose Nazism and to be usable for covering swastikas in propaganda actions . Since the late 20th cent...
of and the Three Arrows of the emerged from rival political currents in early 1930s and carried distinct tactical and ideological freight: the Two‑Flag graphic was born with the ’s anti‑fascist organi...
The three-arrows emblem commonly associated with Antifa traces to the Weimar-era Iron Front and Sergei Chakhotin’s 1931/1932 design and campaign; its intent was a versatile, easily stencilled mark to ...
now associated with traces to the : it was created as the emblem of the SPD‑aligned in the early 1930s to visually oppose the and signal a three‑fold resistance; contemporary reporting credits émigré ...