Did Jesus exist
Consensus among mainstream historians and biblical scholars is that a historical person called Jesus of Nazareth did live in first‑century Palestine; this judgment rests on multiple early Christian an...
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Genus of plants
Consensus among mainstream historians and biblical scholars is that a historical person called Jesus of Nazareth did live in first‑century Palestine; this judgment rests on multiple early Christian an...
Non-Christian ancient writings confirm that Jesus of Nazareth was known, executed under Roman authority, and that early followers claimed he rose from the dead; . Modern treatments vary: apologetic ac...
Three Roman-era non‑Christian writers commonly cited as mentioning Jesus are Tacitus, Suetonius and Pliny the Younger; Tacitus (Annals, c. 116) says “Christus” suffered under Pontius Pilate and that C...
The claim that Jesus rose from the dead is a contested historical and theological assertion: advocates argue a cluster of , while critics maintain the sources are late, biased, and incapable of provin...
Roman-era writers who mention Jesus by name include Tacitus (who calls him Christus and records his execution under Pontius Pilate) and the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus (who refers to Jesus in Anti...
Non‑Christian writers Tacitus and Josephus provide independent ancient attestations that align with the Gospels on three core points: a historical figure called Jesus/Christ existed, he was executed u...
Scholars point to a small cluster of non‑Christian ancient sources that mention Jesus — most notably the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus — and judge them useful for confirmin...
The New Testament’s reliability as a historical source is contested: recent scholarship emphasizes strong manuscript evidence, archaeological corroboration, and genre-contextual readings that support ...
Pontius Pilate, as the Roman prefect of Judaea (c. 26–36 CE), was the only official with authority to order crucifixion in Roman provinces; multiple modern scholars and reference works say Pilate “gav...
Ancient Druids were a priestly and learned class among the Celtic peoples; classical authors and some recent archaeology link certain Druids or their societies to ritual killings, including at least o...
Ancient non‑Christian writers who are commonly cited as mentioning Jesus outside the New Testament are not found in the current provided sources; instead the supplied reporting focuses on the dating a...
Roman writers and later Christian authors are the primary literary lenses through which Druids are known: Roman accounts emphasized Druid power and alleged human sacrifice (e.g., Julius Caesar, Tacitu...
The claim that a particular historical writing is categorically “more reliable than the New Testament” is contested: scholars treat reliability as a function of genre, purpose, proximity to events, an...
Mainstream historians conclude that a historical figure called Jesus of Nazareth very likely existed as a 1st‑century Jewish teacher who was baptized and later executed by Roman authorities, a positio...
Scholars and antiquarians have long pointed to a scattered corpus of non‑biblical writings that mention Moses or traditions associated with him: classical Greco‑Roman historians and Jewish Hellenistic...
Early non-Christian writers—Tacitus and Josephus—provide brief but pointed references that align on key facts about Jesus and the emergent Christian movement (crucifixion under Pilate; growth and orig...
Tacitus’ Annals 15.44 presents one of the earliest Roman accounts linking Nero to the persecution of a group the manuscripts name as Christianos (commonly translated “Christians”), saying Nero blamed ...
Tacitus does include an explicit reference to Christus (the Latin form of “Christ”) and links that figure to the execution under Pontius Pilate, a passage most scholars accept as referring to Jesus of...
Non‑Christian first‑ and early‑second‑century writers refer to a figure associated with the name “Christ/Christus” who was executed under Pontius Pilate and who became the focus of a distinct group ca...
The earliest written accounts that directly address Jesus’ life and crucifixion appear within Christian writings—primarily the letters of Paul and the four canonical Gospels—and are corroborated indir...