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Scholarly and popular sources in the provided set converge on one central fact: mainstream Muslim belief and many Islamic institutions maintain that the Qur’an’s text has been preserved without substa...
After Muhammad’s death the Qur’an was preserved by a mix of oral memorization and successive written compilations: companions had memorized large portions during his lifetime and early caliphs commiss...
The Kharijites emerged as the first major sectarian movement in early Islam during the First Fitna and played a decisive role in framing debates about legitimate leadership, faith versus deeds, and th...
Early Quranic manuscripts cluster into a handful of traditions: early Hijazi fragments (including the Birmingham folios and the Ṣanʿāʾ palimpsest), the companion codices (e.g., Ibn Masʿūd, Ubayy ibn K...