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Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate from 644 to 656
Scholarly and religious sources diverge: mainstream Muslim accounts say the Quran’s text has remained unchanged since a standardized codex was produced under Caliph ʿUthmān and that memorization and e...
Scholars and believers disagree about whether the Qur’an has been “rewritten.” Traditional Islamic accounts say the text was fixed early and preserved both in memorized chains and in a standard writte...
The mainstream Islamic claim is that Prophet Muhammad did not write the Quran; he received it as revelation from God through the angel Gabriel and his followers recorded and later compiled the text. S...
Standardized Quranic orthography (the Uthmanic rasm) is traditionally dated to the mid-7th century under Caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, who commissioned a consonantal "skeleton" text to unify copies and c...
Sunni early sources emphasise a rapid, companion-led compilation of scattered written fragments and memorized recitation under Abu Bakr and an official recension under Caliph Uthman (the Uthmanic code...
The Quran is traditionally understood by Muslims to be a revelation delivered to the Prophet Muhammad over roughly 23 years beginning in 610 CE, preserved through a mix of oral memorization and writte...
The question whether the Qur’an is literally the words of God or a human forgery divides straightforwardly along confessional and scholarly lines: Muslim tradition and many Islamic scholars assert div...
Muslim tradition and many contemporary Muslim-facing histories say the Qur’an was preserved by a combination of memorization (huffāẓ), contemporaneous written notes, and an early standardization under...