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Index/Topics/1796 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Tripoli

1796 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Tripoli

The 1796 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Tripoli, negotiated by David Humphreys and translated by Joel Barlow, contains a disputed Article XI regarding the founding of the United States in relation to the Christian religion.

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Jan 14, 2026

What is the provenance and textual history of Joel Barlow’s English translation of the Treaty of Tripoli?

Joel Barlow served as the American agent who produced the English translation of the 1796 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Tripoli; the treaty’s original text in the Department of State files is in...