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1797 Treaty of Tripoli

The 1797 Treaty of Tripoli, specifically Article 11, has been used in debates about church-state separation in the United States.

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Jan 14, 2026
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How was the Treaty of Tripoli used in twentieth- and twenty-first-century church–state litigation and advocacy?

The 1797 Treaty of Tripoli—specifically Article 11’s line that “the Government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion”—has been repeatedly mobilized in t...

Jan 14, 2026
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Which amicus briefs and advocacy organizations cited the Treaty of Tripoli in major church–state litigation since 1980?

Research of the provided reporting shows recurring use of the 1797 Treaty of Tripoli by separationist advocates and some civil‑liberties and Jewish organizations as historical evidence that the United...