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The nationalization of Venezuela's oil industry in 1976, where foreign concessionaires were converted into state-controlled affiliates under PDVSA.
Venezuela moved from concession-based private oil operations to state control through a legal process codified by the Organic Law Reserving the Hydrocarbons Industry and Trade (the 1975 nationalizatio...
Yes — long before Nicolás Maduro’s rule, U.S. oil companies were heavily invested in Venezuela: American majors dominated early 20th‑century development, suffered large‑scale expropriations at nationa...
ConocoPhillips’ long‑running ICSID and ICC victories have largely survived Venezuela’s legal challenges and are in the process of being recognised and enforced in multiple jurisdictions, while ExxonMo...
Venezuela carried out a wholesale nationalization of its oil industry effective 1 January 1976, converting foreign concessionaires into state-controlled affiliates under PDVSA and replacing operators ...