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2003 Reorganization of U.S. Border Agencies

The reorganization of U.S. border agencies in 2003, including the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, CBP, and ICE, and the merger of INS Border Patrol and U.S. Customs Service functions.

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Jan 24, 2026
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What were the operational differences between INS Border Patrol units and the U.S. Customs Service at ports of entry before 2003?

that created the , operational responsibility along the border was split in clear, functional ways: units conducted roving surveillance and interdiction between official crossings, while the staffed a...