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NASA's Apollo missions and the radiation exposure of the crews during their lunar missions
Yes—NASA equipped Apollo 11 with multiple radiation-monitoring instruments (personal dosimeters, passive badges, a portable radiation-survey meter and new neutron-detection techniques) and post-flight...
A broad suite of laboratory analyses—radiometric dating, elemental and isotopic fingerprints, mineralogical and petrological studies, and space-weathering signatures—collectively demonstrate that Apol...
Apollo-era passive dosimetry and later analyses show that crew-averaged skin doses for the nine lunar missions clustered well below levels causing acute injury, with Apollo 14 recording the highest me...
Apollo-era dosimetry established the first operational, mission-grade practice of carrying and cross-checking personal and spacecraft dosimeters, pairing those measurements with a global solar-observa...