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Citicoline and Alpha-GPC Benefits

The benefits of citicoline and alpha-GPC for attention and memory in older adults.

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Jan 12, 2026
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What high‑quality clinical trials exist evaluating long‑term cognitive effects and safety of popular nootropic supplements?

High-quality, long-duration randomized controlled trials (RCTs proving durable cognitive benefits or long‑term safety for popular nootropic supplements are scarce: most human trials are small, short (...

Jan 5, 2026

Which Brain Defender ingredients have the strongest clinical evidence for improving memory in older adults?

A handful of Brain Defender’s ingredients—Bacopa monnieri, citicoline/alpha‑GPC (choline donors), and phosphatidylserine—have the clearest clinical signal for modest memory benefits in older adults, w...