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Index/Topics/Civil Liability

Civil Liability

The topic of civil liability in the context of off-duty conduct, including the focus on whether the off-duty actor asserted official authority.

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Jan 13, 2026
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What are the typical criminal and civil penalties for hindering ICE agents versus obstructing local law enforcement?

Typical criminal penalties for obstructing or hindering ICE agents most often flow from federal statutes—prominently 18 U.S.C. §111 (assaulting, resisting, or impeding federal officers) and obstructio...

Jan 26, 2026
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What standards do circuits use to decide whether an off-duty federal employee was acting within the scope of employment for criminal or civil liability?

Federal courts and agencies do not apply a single, uniform test when deciding whether off-duty conduct falls within the “”; instead judges and administrative boards look for a nexus between the miscon...