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COVID-19 vaccines and autoimmune conditions

COVID-19 vaccines that express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been temporally associated with reports of new-onset autoimmune conditions between 2020–2025

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Jan 9, 2026

Can immunohistochemistry reliably localize SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in tissue biopsies and how are controls handled?

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can localize SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein in formalin‑fixed, paraffin‑embedded (FFPE) tissues when rigorously validated antibodies and strict controls are used, but its reliabil...

Jan 8, 2026

What laboratory methods are used to detect spike protein and how do they differ in sensitivity and specificity?

Laboratory detection of the SARS‑CoV‑2 spike protein and spike‑specific antibodies uses two broad approaches: direct antigen detection (immunoassays, lateral flow, biosensors) and serological assays t...