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Laws that require providers to collect or hand over logs.
Courts and government agencies can compel ISPs and VPN providers to disclose user data through subpoenas, search warrants and other orders — sometimes sealed or accompanied by gag orders — and through...
Most commercial "" VPNs can realistically only hand over the limited account and metadata they actually keep — payment records, registration email, and any administrative connection records — while tr...
A simple, universal answer does not exist: identifying IPs and timestamps from a file download can disappear from a direct-download site’s live session view as soon as the HTTP/TCP session ends, but t...
Mandatory data‑retention regimes in multiple countries require ISPs and telecom operators to store connection metadata (IP addresses, timestamps, subscriber identifiers) for set periods, which can rev...
National legal regimes and court orders—not a single global rule—are the principal authorities that allow internet service providers (ISPs) to collect, retain, and hand over evidence linking IP addres...
Websites and web hosts do not follow a single industry rule for how long they retain IP-addresses tied to downloads from anonymous (no-account) visitors; retention commonly ranges from days or weeks f...